Fletcher-class destroyer

The Fletcher class is a class of destroyers built by the United States during World War II. The class was designed in 1939 as a result of dissatisfaction with the earlier destroyer leader types of the Porter and Somers classes. Some went on to serve during the Korean War and into the Vietnam War. The United States Navy (USN) commissioned 175 Fletcher-class destroyers between 1942 and 1944, more than any other destroyer class, and the design was generally regarded as highly successful. The Fletcher ships had a design speed of 38 knots (70 km/h; 44 mph) and a principal armament of five 5-inch (127 mm) guns in single mounts with 10 21-inch (530 mm) torpedo tubes in two quintuple centerline mounts. The Allen M. Sumner and Gearing classes were Fletcher derivatives. The long-range Fletcher-class ships performed every task asked of a destroyer, from antisubmarine and antiaircraft warfare to surface action. They could cover the vast distances required by fleet actions in the Pacific and served almost exclusively in the Pacific Theater of Operations during World War II, during which they accounted for 29 Imperial Japanese Navy submarines sunk. In a massive effort, the Fletcher-class ships were built by shipyards across the United States, and after World War II ended, 11 were sold to countries that they had been built to fight against: Italy, Germany, and Japan, as well as other countries, where they had even longer, more distinguished careers. Three in the U.S. and one in Greece have been preserved as museum ships.

== Description == The Fletcher class (named for Admiral Frank F. Fletcher, Medal of Honor recipient) was the largest destroyer class ordered. It was also one of the most successful and popular with their crews. Compared to earlier classes built for the USN, the Fletcher ships carried a significant increase in lethal firepower, including antiaircraft (AA) weapons and increased armor plating; this contributed to greater displacement and overall weight and height increase. Their flush deck construction added structural strength, but it did make them cramped, as less crew space was available below decks compared with a raised forecastle.

Design

The Fletcher class was the first generation of destroyers designed after the series of naval treaties that had limited ship designs heretofore. The growth in the design was in part a response to the challenge that had dogged USN designs in coping with long-range operations in the Pacific Ocean. They were also to carry no fewer than five 5 in (127 mm) guns and 10 deck-mounted torpedo tubes on the centerline, allowing them to meet any foreign design on equal terms. Compared to earlier designs, the Fletcher ships were large, allowing them to adapt to evolving defensive priorities through the addition of two quadruple 40 mm Bofors and six dual 20 mm Oerlikon AA guns. This addition to the AA suite required the deletion of the forward quintuple torpedo mount, a change done under the 4 April 1945 anti-kamikaze program. The Fletcher class were not as top-heavy as the previous classes were, allowing them to take on additional equipment and weapons without major redesign. They were fortunate in catching American production at the right moment, becoming "the" destroyer design, with only the Fletcher-class derivatives, the Allen M. Sumner and Gearing classes, following it. The first design inputs were in the fall of 1939 from questionnaires distributed around design bureaus and the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. The design parameters were the armaments desired of the next destroyer. As such, the questions were of how many guns, torpedoes, and depth charges were seen as desirable. Also asked was at what point would the design grow large enough to become a torpedo target instead of a torpedo delivery system. The answer that came back was that five 5 in (127 mm) dual-purpose guns, 12 torpedoes, and 28 depth charges would be ideal, while a return to the 1,500-ton designs of the past was seen as undesirable. Speed requirements varied from 35 to 38 knots (65 to 70 km/h; 40 to 44 mph), and shortcomings in the earlier Sims class, which were top-heavy and needed lead ballast to correct this fault, caused the Fletcher design to be widened by 18 in (46 cm) of beam. As with other previous U.S. flush-deck destroyer designs, seagoing performance suffered. This was mitigated by deployment to the Pacific Ocean, which is relatively calm compared to the Atlantic. To achieve 38 knots with a 500-ton increase in displacement, power was increased from 50,000 to 60,000 shp (37,000 to 45,000 kW) compared to the previous Benson and Gleaves classes. The Fletcher ships featured air-encased boilers producing steam at 600 psi (4,100 kPa) and 850 °F (450 °C), with two 350 kW steam turbine-driven electrical generators and a 100 kW emergency diesel generator. Typically, Babcock & Wilcox boilers and General Electric geared steam turbines were equipped, although other designs and manufacturers were probably used to maximize the rate of production.

Armament

Main gun armament was five dual-purpose 5-inch/38 caliber (127 mm) guns in single Mk 30 turrets (numbered bow-to-stern from one to five), guided by a Mark 37 fire control system, including a Mk 12 fire-control radar and a Mk 22 height-finder (replaced by the circular Mk 25 radar postwar) linked by a Mark 1A fire-control computer and stabilized by a Mk 6, 8,500 rpm gyroscope. Ten 21 in (530 mm) torpedo tubes were fitted in two quintuple mounts amidships, firing the 21-inch Mark 15 torpedo. Antisubmarine armament was two racks for 300-pound (140 kg) depth charges at the stern and six K-gun 300-pound depth-charge throwers amidships. AA armament initially was light, with a quadruple 1.1"/75 caliber gun located in an elevated tub between the numbers three and four 5-inch gun mounts and six Oerlikon 20 mm cannons (two in front of and below the bridge and four amidships). In June 1942, the 1.1" gun was replaced by a twin Bofors 40 mm gun mount; in some ships, another twin mount may have been added on the fantail between the depth-charge racks. In February 1943, the fantail-mounted Bofors was removed and one twin mount was placed on each side of the aft funnel, bringing the total number of 40 mm guns to six. In 1942 and 1943, the number of Oerlikon cannons was steadily increased, with ships modified before leaving the shipyard with a seventh 20 mm mount in front of the bridge behind the number-two 5-inch gun mount and from one to three mounts on the flying bridge depending upon the configuration of the ship. In combat, commanders often requisitioned additional guns with some ships mounting up to thirteen 20 mm cannons. In June and July 1943, two more twin Bofors mounts were added in place of the 20 mm cannons in front of and below the bridge, giving ten 40 mm barrels. With this modification, the Oerlikon cannons were rearranged and their number was standardized at seven, four amidships and three in a heart-shaped mount on the fantail. Due to the increasing threat from kamikaze attacks, beginning in July 1945, some ships returning to the United States for refits received further AA modifications. The forward set of torpedo tubes was removed, providing space to replace the two amidships twin 40 mm guns with two quadruple mountings (for a total of 14 guns). The seven single 20 mm guns were replaced with six twin mounts (four amidships and two on the fantail. Three (Pringle, Stevens and Halford) were modified during construction by deleting the rear torpedo tube mount and the number-three 5-inch gun mount and putting an aircraft catapult in the space. This alteration was not a success and was not repeated. These three destroyers were later converted to the regular Fletcher-class configuration.

Service

Nineteen Fletchers were lost during World War II; a further six more were severely damaged, evaluated as constructive total losses, and not repaired. Postwar, the remaining ships were decommissioned and put into reserve. Of the 25 Fletcher ships sunk or deemed as constructive total losses, 17 were lost between March and July 1945 off Okinawa. These destroyers were mainly serving as radar pickets, covering the rest of the American fleet and landing forces from kamikaze attacks.

=== Ships lost === De Haven, sunk by land-based Japanese aircraft off Savo Island, 1 February 1943 Strong, torpedoed and sunk by the Japanese destroyer Niizuki between 19,000-22,000 yards during the battle of Kula Gulf, 5 July 1943, one of the longest ranged torpedo hits in history. Chevalier, scuttled after being torpedoed by the Japanese destroyer Yūgumo in the Naval Battle of Vella Lavella, 6 October 1943. Brownson, sunk by land-based Japanese aircraft off Cape Gloucester, 26 December 1943 Hoel, sunk by gunfire from the Japanese battleships Yamato and Nagato and the heavy cruiser Haguro in the Battle off Samar, 25 October 1944. Johnston, sunk by gunfire from the Japanese battleship Yamato, light cruiser Yahagi, and destroyers Yukikaze, Isokaze, Urakaze, and Nowaki in the Battle off Samar, 25 October 1944. Abner Read, sunk by kamikazes in Leyte Gulf, 1 November 1944 Spence, foundered in Typhoon Cobra, 18 December 1944 Halligan, lost to a mine off Okinawa, 26 March 1945 Bush, sunk by kamikazes off Okinawa, 6 April 1945 Colhoun, sunk by kamikazes off Okinawa, 6 April 1945 Pringle, sunk by kamikazes off Okinawa, 16 April 1945 Little, sunk by kamikazes off Okinawa, 3 May 1945 Luce, sunk by kamikazes off Okinawa, 4 May 1945 Morrison, sunk by kamikazes off Okinawa, 4 May 1945 Longshaw, scuttled after running aground and receiving heavy shore fire south of Naha, Okinawa, 18 May 1945 William D. Porter, sunk by a kamikaze near miss off Okinawa, 10 June 1945 Twiggs, sunk by kamikazes off Okinawa, 16 June 1945 Callaghan, sunk by Yokosuka K5Y kamikaze biplanes off Okinawa, 28 July 1945 Newcomb, damaged by kamikazes off Okinawa, 6 April 1945. Decommissioned, 20 November 1945. Sold for scrap, 28 March 1946. Leutze, damaged by kamikazes off Okinawa, 6 April 1945. Decommissioned, 6 December 1945. Sold for scrap, 17 June 1947. Hutchins, damaged by a suicide boat off Okinawa, 27 April 1945. Decommissioned, 30 November 1945. Sold for scrap, January 1948. Haggard, damaged by kamikazes off Okinawa, 29 April 1945. Decommissioned, 1 November 1945. Sold for scrap, 3 March 1946. Evans, damaged by kamikazes off Okinawa, 11 May 1945. Decommissioned, 7 November 1945. Sold for scrap, 11 February 1947. Thatcher, damaged by kamikazes off Okinawa, 20 May 1945. Decommissioned, 23 November 1945. Sold for scrap, 23 January 1948.

=== Korean War === With the outbreak of the Korean War, many were returned to active duty. During this time, 39 were refitted under project SCB 74A, reducing their overall main armament and the number of torpedo tubes to accommodate other weapons. A new ahead-throwing weapon called Weapon Alpha was installed in many of the ships. Others carried trainable Hedgehogs. Eighteen ships were redesignated as escort destroyers (DDE), optimized for antisubmarine warfare; these reverted to destroyer (DD) designation in 1962. The last Fletcher-class destroyer to be retired from USN service was the USS Ulhmann (DD-687), on July 15, 1972.

== Other navies == Many of the ships were sold to other navies during the mid-1950s, including:

Any ships remaining were broken up in the 1970s. The last Fletcher in service, BAM Cuitlahuac (ex-John Rodgers), left the Mexican navy in 2001, meaning the total service life of the ships stretched over almost six decades and into the 21st century.

Surviving ships

Four Fletcher-class destroyers are preserved as museum ships. Three are in the United States and one is in Greece, although only Kidd retains her World War II configuration. Velos is the only vessel still in commission. Velos alongside G. Averof are ceremonially commissioned by the Hellenic Navy having Palaio Faliro as their base. Their crew are active Officers of Hellenic Navy. Velos still retains its complete armament and equipment (as modernized in 1950s). In September 2019 its crew took her to Thessaloniki for a short 3-month stay. As of 2026, she remains in Thessaloniki and is a featured attraction at the Thessaloniki Port Crane Monument. All three American museum ships have been designated as National Historic Landmarks.

=== Surviving ships === USS The Sullivans (DD-537), in Buffalo, New York USS Kidd (DD-661), in Baton Rouge, Louisiana USS Cassin Young (DD-793), in Boston, Massachusetts Velos (D16), ex USS Charrette, in Palaio Faliro, Greece

=== Surviving parts === USS Fletcher (DD-445), in National Museum of the United States Navy, Washington, D.C. USS Radford (DD-446), in USS Orleck Naval Museum, Louisiana USS Nicholas (DD-449), in the Veterans Memorial Museum in Chehalis, Washington and at Center House, Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C. USS Renshaw (DD-499), in Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Museum, Virginia USS Foote (DD-511), in National Museum of the Pacific War, Texas USS Hailey (DD-556), on a naval base in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil USS Smalley (DD-565), in Freedom Park, Omaha, Nebraska USS Dyson (DD-572), in Heritage Veterans Memorial Plaza, Texas USS Izard (DD-589), in Ohio State University, Ohio USS Caperton (DD-650), aboard USS Kidd (DD-661), in Baton Rouge, Louisiana USS Knapp (DD-653), in Columbia River Maritime Museum, Oregon USS Chauncey (DD-667), aboard USS Kidd (DD-661), in Baton Rouge, Louisiana USS Monssen (DD-798), in Freedom Park, Nebraska Zerstörer 1 (D170) or Zerstörer 6 (D180), in Bundeswehr Military History Museum, Dresden Zerstörer 6 (D180), in Marbeck-Heiden train station, Marbeck ROCS Ching Yang (DD-9), in Yuanzhiluxiuxian Park, Tainan City and Táinán jūn shǐ gōngyuán Park, Tainan City ROKS Chungmu (DD-91), in Yongsan War Memorial, Seoul TCG İçel (D-344), in Derince Naval Base, Kocaeli, Turkey.

=== Notes === In 2018, Kidd was used as the filming location for the fictional USS Keeling DD-548 (codenamed Greyhound), from C. S. Forester's novel The Good Shepherd, in her appearance in the book's 2020 cinematic adaptation, Greyhound. On 14 April 2022, museum ship USS The Sullivans sank at her pier in the Buffalo Naval Park. The depth of water prevented complete sinking. Since then, the ship has been refloated and restoration of the ship's electric system and interior spaces is ongoing. On 29 March 2023, the Museum of Antidictatorial Struggle HS Velos D-16 sustained damage caused by a storm while docked at Nea Paralia, Thessaloniki. Two tug boats were sent out to prevent further damage by holding her in place. After an investigation by the Ministry of Shipping, the damage was deemed non-threatening to the stability and durability of the ship. Similarly on 19 November 2023 strong gales caused its stern to slam onto the promenade of Nea Paralia resulting in the stern being breached. The day after repair operations began.

== Ships in class == See List of Fletcher-class destroyers

== See also == List of destroyer classes of the United States Navy

References

== Bibliography == Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991). Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-26202-0. Davis, Rick E. & Wright, Christopher C. (2010). "USN Aircraft-Handling Destroyers 1919 to 1943, Part I: 1919–1941". Warship International. XLVII (3): 265–278. ISSN 0043-0374. Friedman, Norman (2004). US Destroyers: An Illustrated Design History (Revised ed.). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-442-3. Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-83170-303-2. Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947-1995. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 1-55750-132-7. Silverstone, Paul H. (1965). U.S. Warships of World War II. London: Ian Allan Ltd. ISBN 0-7110-0157-X. Toby, A. Steven (2015). "Note on High Speed Destroyers' Maneuverability". Warship International. LII (1): 24–27. ISSN 0043-0374. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.

External links

Fletcher-class destroyers at Destroyer History Foundation Tin Can Sailors @ destroyers.org – Fletcher class destroyer Archived 24 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine Destroyers Online, Fletcher class